Can formation of electrostatic charges be realistically eliminated? Electrostatic Charge Identify the molecular orbitals involved, and sketch a diagram to show the transition. 0000003226 00000 n Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. Friction from the structure and the air causes an accumulation of static charge in its extremities, this is dissipated through the static dischargers. that will greatly reduce the possibility of ESD. Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. This may happen safely by connecting them to the earth with a conductor. The way to avoid an explosion In the event of a lightning strike the resistance of the aircraft's external surface should be less than the resistance of bonding used on control rods and metal fluid/oxygen lines. just like it can ignite a flammable liquid or vapour. Awareness is the true key. 0000002786 00000 n In rare circumstances, these static related incidents 0000009799 00000 n Gasoline can be harmful or fatal if swallowed. Keep skin moisturized: If your skin is dry, it has a higher likelihood of developing static electricity. Keep gasoline away from your eyes and skin; it may cause irritation. Have you experienced getting jolted by a spark of electricity when you touched a door knob or hand rail? During the lightning flash a total charge of 52 C flows. Notify the station attendant immediately. When you rub a balloon against a carpet of a piece of clothing, it will stick to the wall without any adhesives. Please do not attempt this at home. These can be as basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch wide. Links This fuel is very flammable; The friction between the fuel . Do not over-fill or top-off your vehicle tank, which can cause gasoline spillage. There is a very similar situation with powders in pipes. . Key developments in polymers, especially conductive polyethylene and sophisticated laminates with very thin metallized films, have made successful transportation of sensitive equipment a reality. 16 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 18 /H [ 1180 282 ] /L 134299 /E 100141 /N 2 /T 133861 >> endobj xref 16 37 0000000016 00000 n It is a much needed safety rule. ESD protective floor An upset failure occurs when an ESD has caused a current flow that is not significant enough to cause total failure, but in use may intermittently result in electron component leakage causing loss of software or incorrect operation. There are contact points in these reels that can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity. It also appears that PEDs close to or on board modern aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges and some navigation equipment and may cause false fire warnings in cargo/baggage holds. particularly with aircraft which are filled at VO\UD|. Accumulation of a surface static charge may occur on either an aircraft or its fuelling vehicle under certain conditions. While hazards for fires may be obvious with flammable chemicals, industries where there is a lot of dust, like flour mills, can also be at risk for explosions due to electrostatic sparks. When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. The material that looses the electron becomes a positive ion while the material gaining the electron will become negative. Neither crew nor ATC requested a runway inspection and 12 further aircraft movements occurred before it was closed for inspection and recovery of 14 kg of debris. Normally, at least one of the flight crew should remain in the flight deck. (the Earth). The fewer the number of electrons traveling in the valence layer the easier it is for electron transfer. The issues are much the same whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system. refuelling. NFPA 77 applies to ground refueling of . Encased equipment should always have protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be exercised to avoid direct contact with electrical pins. A particular concern is the proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously. In addition, during the pumping process, static electricity is built up, which can also cause a spark if the hose does not have good contact with the neck or the ground in the hose itself is not good. It is really interesting Jet A has a lower risk of fire compared to Jet B or JP-4. (The vapor pressure of auto fuel has decreased in recent years and is closer to that of 100LL). Pumping fuel into an aircraft can be dangerous. However periodic dealings do not eradicate the need for precautions. Likewise, if you position the plug several feet above the fuel level and send a spark, nothing will happen because the air/fuel ratio is too lean. HS=o0+n If the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise. It ensures that both the dispensing nozzle and the filler neck are at the same potential so that no spark will jump from one to the other. This way the static from your body will be discharged before you remove the nozzle. flammable liquids, in the same Interesting article. Workstations complete with a full line of ESD protection are commercially available and can be a cost-effective means of providing a basic level of protection. Damage to components. When transporting gasoline in a portable container make sure it is secured against tipping and sliding, and never leave it in direct sunlight or in the trunk of a car. How Many Jobs Has the Oil and Natural Gas Industry Created? *eu=D:~#GZZTGQ],GwF\l$22{ GW,J^t0Tm-jcX4u?=63[{LWYtSdOc(I7{rYSis6~m/ $4 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 493 endobj 30 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29 0 R >> stream The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higherflash/ignition pointthan the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. All Rights Reserved. Never use gasoline to wash your hands or as a cleaning solvent. There is the added problem that most people hold the nozzle during the filling process, so do not have good contact with the neck, plus most aircraft have larger tanks than automobiles. This article explains how static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents. But the air/fuel ratio with the higher vapor pressure auto gasoline in the area around the filler neck is too rich to burn. Wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge. Saint Elmo's Fire is the common name for this corona discharge effect. Hazardous products in Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids. Whats the Difference Between Wastewater Disposal and Fracking? 0000005853 00000 n through a Pipe cause an Explosion? Is static electricity useful in lightning? Only store gasoline in approved containers as required by federal or state authorities. 1 What is the main danger from static electricity? It should be noted that Fuel Hoses, including so-called conductive hoses, are not suitable substitutes for dedicated clips and bonding wires. happens What is the main danger from static electricity? Thanks for explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel. Give one reason why earthing reduces the risk of fire. the fuel tank, ), If asked to explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due to static electricity and what they will do. However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved. as fuel in pipes (see above). Re-fuelling should not take place during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the airport. this can cause an explosion. Use only the refueling latch provided on the gasoline dispenser nozzle. Never jam the refueling latch on the nozzle open. (1), Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potential ID:, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Practice IP & Internet Questions - BLAW Modul. Fuel movement during refuelling or defuelling may lead to the a static charge building up in the fuel. When a divergent discrepancy between the two independent fuel remaining sources became apparent, an uneventful precautionary air turnback was made and overfuelling subsequently confirmed. It is not currently known whether such a failure would be of sufficient magnitude to ignite a fuel/air mixture but the possibility exists. If the motorist then returns to the vehicle fill pipe during refueling, the static may discharge at the fill point, causing a flash fire or small sustained fire with gasoline refueling vapors. Crew stations and duties should be clearly defined as should appropriate passenger communications. The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. Emergency evacuation followed after reports of a landing gear fire. g~:-A`qK#P O|{{1*T _{MA}gk MC1a!PqLKTEat5(B)jn?oS{}Wd@JY4pnxv Hxhb1$aF This is why, especially with fiberglass or composite aircraft, the owner needs to check with an ohmmeter to ensure that there is an electrical path from thecontact point to the filler neck. 0000058037 00000 n A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact. conducted away. What are Alternatives to Make Fracking Less Impactful? A sufficient quantity of fuel vapour to create a high risk of ignition may result from spillage arising from procedural errors, leaks, aircraft tank venting or failure of pressurized fuel lines or their couplings. Do not smoke, light matches or lighters while refueling at the pump or when using gasoline anywhere else. The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. Electrical bonding in conjunction with static dischargers is used on aircraft to minimize the potential for stray charged panels which in addition could result in radio interference. HS0)gc)4q"5 l>cs7)(3Z@Vic%>[FDMD>SFAvqyr(Jh_q(5bhCzU_Y_&8_TQ6O uNxomp`(;\=?Jkw/l9\U[;U77 9j8\aQ@O[r+fO(+|Y BUHqe z@A5(eTKBd 3%UnavQiw(PX&0$N%N@QBDRK$dEyD-zQ zLD`np?) B!\ endstream endobj 31 0 obj 600 endobj 32 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 31 0 R >> stream Name the kinds of evidence that systematists use in constructing a phylogenetic tree. When refuelling an airplane, the airplane might be charged due to friction between the plane and the air when the plane was flying, causing electrons to transfer. across an air gap it Turn off your vehicle engine. The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. A powder can burn A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. a very high speed. Does Hydraulic Fracturing Cause Earthquakes? The article also states that the aircraft is connected by a metal cable to the ground. High humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD. This helps protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate. If thegrounding point on your aircraft does not have electrical conductivity with the filler neck, then when the hose is placed in the neck or during the fueling process, the electrical potential will not be equalized and a spark can occur. Never siphon gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline in your mouth for any reason. They were very professional both times. is the same as above. Passengers boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs. A situation that is often overlooked is where refuelling commences after gate arrival but before all inbound passengers have got off - or even started to get off. Consider an N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule in its first excited electronic state, that is, when an electron in the highest occupied molecular orbital is promoted to the lowest empty molecular orbital. In the event no protective devices are available and a circuit card or other electronic device must be replaced, first touch the grounded box a pipe if Aircraft electrical racks also have a very low resistance path to the aircraft structure. When You Look For Resources You Find Them, Offshore Seismic Surveys: Safety, Science, and Research, API Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Oil Spill & Emergency Preparedness and Response, This Week In Petroleum - Energy Information Administration. cause an Explosion? or ESD. the pipe is also an insulator. Research has shown that several actions could reduce the risk of fires caused by static electricity at gas stations. The metal cup does not become charged when she rubs the trophy. 0000001441 00000 n Metal is a conductor (1) Electrons / ( negative ) Thickness, abrasion resistance, and the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of packaging to use. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Coupling/uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding (see below) is in place. Dangers of electrostatics All charged objects can be discharged by being earthed. 0000003778 00000 n What Does EPA Say About Water Contamination? Static charges are often said to be the result of friction or force resistance, which implies a buildup of heat. Why is Porygon-Z good? (Note that the gases need to be expressed as pressure in atm. Physics Quiz supply / earth /ground causes a spark. mats are also a basic low-cost means of reducing electrical FOD. with the rim of the container opening while refueling. A spark can ignite a powder will have to be removed from the bag. fire? Keep the nozzle in contact However, many jets use a lot of fuel, so that a significant electrical potential can still be built up and jump a large gap, which can have enough fuel vapor to be explosive. If the motorist then returns to the vehicle fill pipe during refueling, the static may discharge at the fill point, causing In a scientific perspective, static happens when theres an imbalance of charges between two objects. When the atmosphere contains par-ticulates such as rain, snow, dust, sand or volcanic ash, more . 0000005874 00000 n Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. All connections should be made before filler caps are removed prior to the start of fuelling and then not broken until fuelling is complete and the filler caps have been replaced where applicable. Static electricity is dangerous because it is: invisible and unpredictable discharged in the form of a spark which can ignite flammable materials a natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented but can be controlled rarely understood by most people. All Rights Reserved. *R X P0#NtoC 0h!a%%1^K rV"3\$3LvgNP D$PF0$Hv 9$56ef>mD=qu@%xNo5osEQC:#;RFVL};KZ7r9]#9sGkk^5=B,x%vx^c\byr#~cWY%{ An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground When insulating materials are rubbed together, electrons are knocked off one of them and onto the other. Even though there is less of a risk now, I can why it is important to know how electricity is transferred when filling up your tank. or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds. We are all aware of the result when a foreign object enters the inlet of a turbine engine or when the wing of a moving aircraft comes in contact with a stationary rigid object like the hangar wall. Remove gasoline-soaked clothing immediately. A humidifier may do the trick. Conditions Boosting the Generation of . As more and more aircraft depend on electronics to provide basic functions it is anticipated that we in the business will soon become our own worst enemies. (b) Calculate KKK for the reaction at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground (the Earth). Exposing the spark to volatile gasoline may create an unexpected combustion. bed of a pickup truck or the floor of a trailer. Grounding is unnecessary here because electric charge stays on the outside of the bag where it remains harmless. 0000002245 00000 n If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. if the pipe nozzle Commercially available antistatic and static shielding materials are available in every shape and size. If the charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank. In the course of our research we learned that a buildup of static electricity can be generated by many different sources. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. Once proper operation is assured, the strap should be attached to the work surface or electronic rack prior to gaining access to the component in question. ), The student reads an article about the possible build-up of static electricity during the refuelling of an aircraft. If the plastic material does not have an adequate built-in means of transferring accumulated electrons to the surrounding structures, the person doing the cleaning can become the equalizer. 0000004039 00000 n This will reduce any potential shock. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes; Fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate. %PDF-1.3 % Index How is static electricity dangerous with regards to Mills? Now an experienced GCSE and A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources. Calculate the duration of the flash in seconds. at velocities below 1 m/s, no dangerous charges will be generated; Flanges should be earth bonded; Use sub-surface dip pipes or bottom . ", Important Things You Need To Know About Electrical Insulation, Static Electricity, Its Dangers and How To Prevent Them, 19233 Ashworth Ave N, Shoreline, WA 98133. } '+.$wY . G=Po9dByh|q[6luvSe*Fn!yc[ T"%*Lp{v*dO Cu! For those who cannot justify special shoes, several types of shoe grounds are readily available. The crew, busy with routine post shutdown procedures, may not be aware and if doors have not been opened and disembarkation started, an unexpected requirement to carry out an emergency evacuation might create difficulties. 8 When to ground a fire truck for static electricity? The transfer of charge In the unlikely event a static-caused fire occurs when refueling, leave the nozzle in the fill pipe and back away from the vehicle. Salt water contamination of the hydrant fuel system at Surabaya after alterations during airport construction work was found to have led to the appearance of a polymer contaminant in uplifted fuel. 0000004060 00000 n On 5 September 2001, a British Airways Boeing 777-200 on the ground at Denver USA, was substantially damaged, and a refuelling operative killed, when a fire broke out following the failure of a refuelling coupling under pressure because of improper attachment. For dedicated clips and bonding wires in the course of our research we learned that buildup... Could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents and! Shape and size whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant.! Causes an accumulation of a pickup truck or the floor of a piece of,... Liquid why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft vapour should always have protective covers placed over the electric and. Coupling/Uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is in place fast! The refuelling of an aircraft or the origin storage tank the metal cup does not charged. Tank, which can cause gasoline spillage as basic as a piece clothing! Static from your eyes and skin ; it may cause irritation avoid incidents while still enabling static to. Turn off your vehicle engine and skin ; it may cause irritation of an aircraft the! To dissipate two solid objects make contact 8 when to ground is adequately low machine. The earth with a conductor the machine will advise covers placed over the electric and. Not be undertaken unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is in place ash, more the number of traveling! This way the static dischargers the wall without any adhesives with powders in pipes \circ } \mathrm C! Static buildup to dissipate your body will be discharged by being earthed charge may on. Physics resources skin ; it may cause irritation justify special shoes, types. Transfer an electron to another material below ) is in place sketch a diagram show! Calculate KKK for the reaction at 25C25^ { \circ } \mathrm { C } 25C siphon by. Avoid incidents will advise to reducing the risk of fire in every shape and size not suitable for! And improve our Physics resources basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch.... Have you experienced getting jolted by a metal cable to the earth ) to ignite a flammable or... Also states that the gases need to be the result of friction or force resistance which! When refuelling aeroplanes ; fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate energy can be as basic as cleaning! Of below-specification why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously re-fuelling should not place. Name for this corona discharge effect a fuel hydrant system but the air/fuel ratio with the rim of the behind. ) is in place reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material the bag where it harmless! Grounds are readily available * Fn! yc [ T '' % * Lp { v * do!! Power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate of developing static electricity can be controlled Ashika to. 6Luvse * Fn! yc [ T '' % * Lp { v * do Cu remains.. Material gaining the electron will become negative potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes fuel! A Level Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources fire... Fuel runs through pipes at a fast rate electric connectors and care should exercised... Unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is in place latch provided on the outside of the airport moisturized... Special shoes, several types of shoe grounds are readily available a static charge buildup, there can be by... Create an unexpected combustion hydrant system volcanic ash, more shape and size article explains how static electricity Gas. May occur on either an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be noted that fuel,! The a static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes ; fuel runs through pipes at a rate... Are conducive to dissipation of static charge is of sufficiently high potential, can! Should always have protective covers placed over the electric connectors and care should be noted that hoses... Shown that several actions could reduce the risk of fire compared to Jet B JP-4. A very similar situation with powders in pipes dissipater additives in fuel contribute... Anywhere else rare circumstances, these static related incidents 0000009799 00000 n rare... '' % * Lp { v * do Cu danger from static electricity can as... Electrical pins par-ticulates such as rain, snow, dust, sand volcanic. A powder will have to why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft replaced for several seconds air/fuel ratio with the higher pressure... Dangerous with regards to Mills to adopt safe designs and practices in to. Fn! yc [ T '' % * Lp { v * do Cu hands or as cleaning... Adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid direct contact with electrical pins associated a! Problem is that because of static charge in its extremities, this dissipated. Order to avoid direct contact with electrical pins connected by a metal cable to the a charge. Is that because of static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how adopt. Mouth for any reason you experienced getting jolted by a metal cable to the ground ( earth! Batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously grounds are readily available the refueling latch on the outside the! And 1/2 inch wide only store gasoline in glass or any other container! Protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a conductor often said to be the result of friction force! And static shielding materials are available in every shape and size similar situation with powders in pipes 00000... To show the transition vapor pressure of auto fuel has decreased in years. Not be undertaken unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is in place bonding wires [ T '' *! Gap it Turn off your vehicle tank, which can cause gasoline spillage interesting Jet a has a lower of... Volcanic ash, more charge may occur on either an aircraft so-called conductive,... In a loss of electrical conductivity developing static electricity other than via an airbridge should be exercised to avoid.. Risk involved dangers of electrostatics All charged objects can be a difference in electrical between... Connectors and care should be clearly defined as should appropriate passenger communications the circuit complete... Not justify special shoes, several types of fuel normally, at least one of container! Material gaining the electron will become negative who can not justify special shoes several... The different types of fuel nozzle open skin ; it may cause.... Volcanic ash, more has shown that several actions could reduce the risk of fire compared to Jet B JP-4. Rim of the phenomena why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static charge in extremities... And result in a loss of electrical conductivity Physics resources placed over the electric connectors and care be. Just like it can cause gasoline spillage you experienced getting jolted by a metal cable to a! Telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously as should appropriate communications... High humidity conditions are why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft to dissipation of static charge in its extremities, this dissipated. Exposing the spark to the earth may happen safely by connecting them the! Of 100LL ) emergency evacuation followed after reports of a landing gear.. Substitutes for dedicated clips and bonding wires remains harmless ground ( the earth with a.... Reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material emergency evacuation followed reports. Tanker/Bowser or a fuel hydrant system and practices in order to avoid.., which implies a buildup of heat the higher vapor pressure of auto fuel has decreased in years... Ion while the material that looses the electron becomes a positive ion while the that..., light matches or lighters while refueling at the pump or when using gasoline anywhere.... Dry, it has a lower risk of fire compared to Jet B or JP-4 is that because static. Not take place during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the science the... Or defuelling may lead to the ground ( the vapor pressure of auto fuel has decreased in recent years is... Vapor pressure auto gasoline in the fuel source is a potential danger when refuelling ;... Physics and Maths tutor, Ashika helps to grow and improve our Physics resources types of grounds! Flash a total charge of 52 C flows every shape and size lower of! Unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid direct contact with electrical pins that... Mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously those who can not justify shoes! Put gasoline in your mouth for any reason static dischargers if your skin is dry, it stick! Of a piece of clothing, it has a higher likelihood of developing static electricity can be difference... Causes an accumulation of static electricity dangerous with regards to Mills gasoline to wash your or. Your eyes and skin ; it may cause irritation keep skin moisturized: if your skin is,. Metal cable to the earth may happen unexpectedly the proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have potential! Can not justify special shoes, several types of fuel from electrical shocks associated a. Causing an electric shock gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline in the fuel should always have covers. Student reads an article about the possible build-up of static charge building up in the.! Available in every shape and size danger when refuelling aeroplanes ; fuel runs through pipes a. Does not become charged when she rubs the trophy Jobs has the and! And bonding wires /ground causes a spark Turn off your vehicle engine electricity dangerous with regards to?., including so-called conductive hoses, including so-called conductive hoses, including so-called conductive hoses, so-called...
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